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held jointly

  • 1 jointly held lien

    = jointly jointly-held lien спільне право накладання арешту на майно боржника

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > jointly held lien

  • 2 jointly jointly-held lien

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > jointly jointly-held lien

  • 3 jointly held property

    jointly held property PROP Gesamthandeigentum n, gemeinschaftliches Eigentum n, Eigentum n zur gesamten Hand

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > jointly held property

  • 4 jointly

    спільно, разом; солідарно
    - jointly acquired property
    - jointly and severally
    - jointly bound
    - jointly charged
    - jointly held lien
    - jointly jointly-held lien
    - jointly indicted
    - jointly liable
    - jointly mortgaged
    - jointly responsible
    - jointly taxed

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > jointly

  • 5 jointly joint·ly adv

    ['dʒɔɪntlɪ]
    (held, funded) in comune, (agree, organize, act) di comune accordo

    English-Italian dictionary > jointly joint·ly adv

  • 6 jointly held lien

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > jointly held lien

  • 7 jointly held lien

    • yhteispanttioikeus

    English-Finnish dictionary > jointly held lien

  • 8 jointly, held, shares

    actions f détenues en commun

    English-French legislative terms > jointly, held, shares

  • 9 common

    1. adjective,
    1) (belonging equally to all) gemeinsam [Ziel, Interesse, Sache, Unternehmung, Vorteil, Merkmal, Sprache]
    2) (belonging to the public) öffentlich

    a common belief — [ein] allgemeiner Glaube

    3) (usual) gewöhnlich; normal; (frequent) häufig [Vorgang, Erscheinung, Ereignis, Erlebnis]; allgemein verbreitet [Sitte, Wort, Redensart]

    common honesty/courtesy — [ganz] normale Ehrlichkeit/Höflichkeit

    4) (without rank or position) einfach
    5) (vulgar) gemein; gewöhnlich (abwertend), ordinär (ugs. abwertend) [Ausdrucksweise, Mundart, Aussehen, Benehmen]
    2. noun
    1) (land) Gemeindeland, das; Allmende, die
    2)

    have something/nothing/a lot in common [with somebody] — etwas/nichts/viel [mit jemandem] gemein[sam] haben

    * * *
    ['komən] 1. adjective
    1) (seen or happening often; quite normal or usual: a common occurrence; These birds are not so common nowadays.) gewöhnlich
    2) (belonging equally to, or shared by, more than one: This knowledge is common to all of us; We share a common language.) gemeinsam
    3) (publicly owned: common property.) allgemein
    4) (coarse or impolite: She uses some very common expressions.) gewöhnlich, gemein
    5) (of ordinary, not high, social rank: the common people.) einfach
    6) (of a noun, not beginning with a capital letter (except at the beginning of a sentence): The house is empty.) Gattungs-...
    2. noun
    ((a piece of) public land for everyone to use, with few or no buildings: the village common.) das Gemeindeland
    - academic.ru/14625/commoner">commoner
    - common knowledge
    - common law
    - common-law
    - commonplace
    - common-room
    - common sense
    - the Common Market
    - the House of Commons
    - the Commons
    - in common
    * * *
    com·mon
    [ˈkɒmən, AM ˈkɑ:-]
    I. adj
    <-er, -est or more \common, most \common>
    1. (often encountered) üblich, gewöhnlich
    a \common name ein gängiger [o weit verbreiteter] Name
    a \common saying ein verbreiteter Spruch
    2. (normal) normal
    it is \common practice... es ist allgemein üblich...
    \common courtesy/decency ein Gebot nt der Höflichkeit/des Anstands
    it's \common courtesy... es gehört sich einfach...
    \common salt Kochsalz nt
    3. (widespread) weit verbreitet
    it is \common knowledge that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...
    a \common ailment ein weit verbreitetes Übel
    a \common disease eine weit verbreitete Krankheit
    4. inv (shared) gemeinsam
    \common area allgemeiner Bereich
    by \common assent/consent mit allgemeiner Zustimmung/Einwilligung
    \common bathroom Gemeinschaftsbad nt
    to make \common cause with sb mit jdm gemeinsame Sache machen
    for the \common good für das Gemeinwohl
    to be on \common ground with sb jds Ansichten teilen
    \common interests gemeinsame Interessen
    \common property (held jointly) Gemeinschaftseigentum nt; (known by most people) Allgemeingut nt
    tenancy in \common Bruchteilsgemeinschaft f
    in \common gemeinsam
    to have sth in \common [with sb] etw [mit jdm] gemein haben
    we've got a lot of interests in \common wir haben viele gemeinsame Interessen
    5. ZOOL, BOT sparrow, primrose gemein
    6.
    <-er, -est>
    ( pej: vulgar) vulgär
    a \common slut eine ordinäre Schlampe pej fam
    7. (ordinary) einfach
    a \common criminal ein gewöhnlicher Verbrecher/eine gewöhnliche Verbrecherin pej
    a \common thief ein gemeiner Dieb/eine gemeine Diebin
    8. (low-ranking) einfach, gemein veraltend
    a \common labourer ein einfacher Arbeiter/eine einfache Arbeiterin
    the \common man der Normalbürger [o Durchschnittsbürger]
    \common people einfache Leute
    a \common soldier ein einfacher Soldat
    II. n Gemeindeland nt; (park) öffentliche Grünfläche, Anger m DIAL; (fields and woods) Allmende f
    * * *
    ['kɒmən]
    1. adj (+er)
    1) (= shared by many) gemeinsam; property also Gemein-, gemeinschaftlich

    it is common knowledge that... —

    it is to the common advantage that... — es ist von allgemeinem Nutzen, dass...

    very little/no common ground — kaum eine/keine gemeinsame Basis

    to find common ground (with sb) — eine gemeinsame Basis finden (mit jdm)

    sth is common to everyone/sth — alle haben/etw hat etw gemein

    2) (= frequently seen or heard etc) häufig; word also weitverbreitet, weit verbreitet, geläufig; experience also allgemein; animal, bird häufig pred, häufig anzutreffend attr; belief, custom, animal, bird (weit)verbreitet, weit verbreitet; (= customary, usual) normal

    it's common for visitors to feel ill here —

    nowadays it's quite common for the man to do the housework — es ist heutzutage ganz normal, dass der Mann die Hausarbeit macht

    3) (= ordinary) gewöhnlich

    the common people —

    he has the common touch —

    it's only common decency to apologize — es ist nur recht und billig, dass man sich entschuldigt

    4) (= vulgar, low-class) gewöhnlich
    2. n
    1) (= land) Anger m, Gemeindewiese f
    2)
    3)

    to have sth in common (with sb/sth) — etw (mit jdm/etw) gemein haben

    to have a lot/nothing in common — viel/nichts miteinander gemein haben, viele/keine Gemeinsamkeiten haben

    in common with many other people/towns/countries — (ebenso or genauso) wie viele andere (Leute)/Städte/Länder...

    I, in common with... — ich, ebenso wie...

    * * *
    common [ˈkɒmən; US ˈkɑ-]
    A adj (adv → commonly)
    1. gemeinsam, gemeinschaftlich:
    common to all allen gemeinsam;
    we are on common ground there ( oder on this point) in diesem Punkt sind wir uns einig;
    that was common ground in yesterday’s debate darüber waren sich in der gestrigen Debatte alle einig;
    be common ground between the parties JUR von keiner der Parteien bestritten werden;
    they have sufficient common ground sie haben genügend Gemeinsamkeiten;
    there isn’t much common ground es gibt nicht viele Gemeinsamkeiten; → cause A 3, property 1
    2. a) allgemein
    b) öffentlich:
    by common consent mit allgemeiner Zustimmung;
    common crier besonders HIST öffentlicher Ausrufer; → good A 2
    3. Gemeinde…, Stadt…
    4. notorisch, berüchtigt (Verbrecher etc)
    5. a) allgemein (bekannt), alltäglich, gewöhnlich, normal, vertraut
    b) häufig:
    be common häufig vorkommen;
    it is a common belief es wird allgemein geglaubt;
    one of the commonest ( oder most common) causes eine der häufigsten Ursachen;
    it is common knowledge (usage) es ist allgemein bekannt (üblich);
    a very common name ein sehr häufiger Name;
    common sight alltäglicher oder vertrauter Anblick;
    common talk Stadtgespräch n; → practice A 1
    6. üblich, allgemein gebräuchlich:
    common salt gewöhnliches Salz, Kochsalz n
    common or garden bes Br umg Feld-Wald- und-Wiesen-…; → cold C 3
    8. allgemein zugänglich, öffentlich
    9. gewöhnlich, minderwertig, zweitklassig
    10. abgedroschen (Phrase etc)
    11. gewöhnlich, ordinär (Br besonders Person)
    12. gewöhnlich, ohne Rang:
    the common man der einfache Mann von der Straße;
    the common people das einfache Volk;
    common soldier einfacher Soldat; → herd A 2
    13. MATH gemeinsam: → denominator 1
    B s
    1. Allmende f, Gemeindeland n (heute oft Parkanlage in der Ortsmitte)
    2. auch right of common Mitbenutzungsrecht n (of an dat):
    common of pasture Weiderecht; → fishery 5, piscary 1, turbary 1
    3. Gemeinsamkeit f:
    (act) in common gemeinsam (vorgehen);
    in common with (genau) wie;
    with so much in common bei so vielen Gemeinsamkeiten;
    have sth in common with etwas gemein haben mit;
    we have nothing in common wir haben nichts miteinander gemein;
    they have many interests in common sie haben viele gemeinsame Interessen;
    hold sth in common etwas gemeinsam besitzen
    4. (das) Gewöhnliche, Norm f:
    out of the common außergewöhnlich, -ordentlich
    5. → commons
    com. abk
    * * *
    1. adjective,
    1) (belonging equally to all) gemeinsam [Ziel, Interesse, Sache, Unternehmung, Vorteil, Merkmal, Sprache]

    a common belief — [ein] allgemeiner Glaube

    3) (usual) gewöhnlich; normal; (frequent) häufig [Vorgang, Erscheinung, Ereignis, Erlebnis]; allgemein verbreitet [Sitte, Wort, Redensart]

    common honesty/courtesy — [ganz] normale Ehrlichkeit/Höflichkeit

    5) (vulgar) gemein; gewöhnlich (abwertend), ordinär (ugs. abwertend) [Ausdrucksweise, Mundart, Aussehen, Benehmen]
    2. noun
    1) (land) Gemeindeland, das; Allmende, die
    2)

    have something/nothing/a lot in common [with somebody] — etwas/nichts/viel [mit jemandem] gemein[sam] haben

    * * *
    adj.
    allgemein adj.
    allgemein bekannt adj.
    geläufig adj.
    gemeinsam adj.
    zusammen adj. n.
    verbreitet adj.

    English-german dictionary > common

  • 10 common

    com·mon [ʼkɒmən, Am ʼkɑ:-] adj <-er, -est or more \common, most \common>
    1)
    ( often encountered) üblich, gewöhnlich;
    a \common name ein gängiger [o weit verbreiteter] Name;
    a \common saying ein verbreiteter Spruch
    2) ( normal) normal;
    it is \common practice... es ist allgemein üblich...;
    \common courtesy/ decency ein Gebot nt der Höflichkeit/des Anstands;
    it's \common courtesy... es gehört sich einfach...;
    \common salt Kochsalz nt
    3) ( widespread) weit verbreitet;
    it is \common knowledge that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...;
    a \common ailment ein weit verbreitetes Übel;
    a \common disease eine weit verbreitete Krankheit
    4) inv ( shared) gemeinsam;
    \common area allgemeiner Bereich;
    by \common assent/ consent mit allgemeiner Zustimmung/Einwilligung;
    \common bathroom Gemeinschaftsbad nt;
    to make \common cause with sb mit jdm gemeinsame Sache machen;
    for the \common good für das Gemeinwohl;
    to be on \common ground with sb jds Ansichten teilen;
    \common interests gemeinsame Interessen;
    \common property ( held jointly) Gemeinschaftseigentum nt; ( known by most people) Allgemeingut nt;
    in \common gemeinsam;
    to have sth in \common [with sb] etw [mit jdm] gemein haben;
    we've got a lot of interests in \common wir haben viele gemeinsame Interessen
    5) zool, bot sparrow, primrose gemein
    6) <-er, -est> (pej: vulgar) vulgär;
    a \common slut eine ordinäre Schlampe ( pej) ( fam)
    7) ( ordinary) einfach;
    a \common criminal ein gewöhnlicher Verbrecher/eine gewöhnliche Verbrecherin ( pej)
    a \common thief ein gemeiner Dieb/eine gemeine Diebin
    8) ( low-ranking) einfach, gemein veraltend;
    a \common labourer ein einfacher Arbeiter/eine einfache Arbeiterin;
    the \common man der Normalbürger [o Durchschnittsbürger];
    \common people einfache Leute;
    a \common soldier ein einfacher Soldat n Gemeindeland nt; ( park) öffentliche Grünfläche, Anger m ( DIAL); ( fields and woods) Allmende f

    English-German students dictionary > common

  • 11 share

    ʃeə
    1. noun
    1) (one of the parts of something that is divided among several people etc: We all had a share of the cake; We each paid our share of the bill.) parte
    2) (the part played by a person in something done etc by several people etc: I had no share in the decision.) parte
    3) (a fixed sum of money invested in a business company by a shareholder.) acción, participación

    2. verb
    1) ((usually with among, between, with) to divide among a number of people: We shared the money between us.) repartir, dividir
    2) (to have, use etc (something that another person has or uses); to allow someone to use (something one has or owns): The students share a sitting-room; The little boy hated sharing his toys.) compartir
    3) ((sometimes with in) to have a share of with someone else: He wouldn't let her share the cost of the taxi.) compartir
    •
    - share and share alike
    share1 n parte
    share2 vb
    1. dividir / repartir
    2. compartir
    tr[ʃeəSMALLr/SMALL]
    ■ you've already eaten your share! ¡ya te has comido tu parte!
    2 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (held by shareholder) acción nombre femenino; (held by partner) participación nombre femenino
    1 (have or use with others) compartir; (have in common) compartir, tener en común
    ■ can you share one book between two? ¿podéis compartir un libro entre los dos?
    2 (tell news, feelings, etc) compartir
    3 (divide) repartir, dividir
    1 compartir
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    a problem shared is a problem halved las penas compartidas son menos penas
    to share and share alike compartir las cosas
    to do one's share hacer su parte
    to go shares pagar a medias
    share ['ʃɛr] v, shared ; sharing vt
    1) apportion: dividir, repartir
    2) : compartir
    they share a room: comparten una habitación
    share vi
    : compartir
    1) portion: parte f, porción f
    one's fair share: lo que le corresponde a uno
    2) : acción f (en una compañía)
    to hold shares: tener acciones
    n.
    • acción (Banca) s.f.
    • aportación s.f.
    • compartir s.m.
    • cuota s.f.
    • cupo s.m.
    • escote s.m.
    • lote s.m.
    • parte s.f.
    • participación s.f.
    • quiñón s.m.
    v.
    • compartir v.
    • dividir v.
    • participar v.
    • partir v.
    • repartir v.
    • sobrellevar v.
    ʃer, ʃeə(r)
    I
    1) c ( portion) parte f

    how much is my share of the bill? — ¿cuánto me toca pagar a mí?

    to work on shares — (AmE) trabajar como socios

    2) (Busn, Fin)
    a) ( held by partner) (no pl) participación f
    b) c ( held by shareholder) acción f

    to hold shares in a company — tener* acciones en una compañía; (before n)

    share capital — capital m social

    share certificate — (título m or certificado m de) acción f

    share index — índice m de cotización en bolsa

    share prices — cotización f de las acciones


    II
    1.
    1)
    b) ( have in common) \<\<interest/opinion\>\> compartir; \<\<characteristics\>\> tener* en común
    2)
    a) ( divide) dividir
    b) ( communicate) \<\<experience/knowledge\>\> intercambiar

    2.
    vi
    a) ( use jointly) compartir

    to share IN something — compartir algo, participar de algo

    Phrasal Verbs:

    I [ʃɛǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=portion) parte f, porción f

    a share of or in the profits — una proporción de las ganancias

    how much will my share be? — ¿cuánto me corresponderá a mí?

    your share is £5 — te tocan 5 libras

    • to do one's (fair) share (of sth) — hacer lo que a uno le toca or corresponde (de algo)

    he doesn't do his share — no hace todo lo que debiera, no hace todo lo que le toca or corresponde

    • to have a share in sth — participar en algo

    we've had our share of misfortunes — hemos sufrido bastante infortunio, hemos sufrido lo nuestro

    • market share — cuota f del mercado

    • to take a share in doing sth — hacer su parte en algo

    2) (Econ) acción f
    2. VT
    1) (=split, divide) [+ resource, benefit] repartir, dividir, partir

    would you like to share the bottle with me? — ¿quieres compartir la botella conmigo?

    2) (=accept equally) [+ duty, responsibility, task] compartir, corresponsabilizarse de

    to share the blame — [one person] aceptar su parte de culpa; [more than one person] corresponsabilizarse de la culpa

    3) (=have in common) [+ characteristic, quality] compartir, tener en común; [+ experience, opinion] compartir
    4) (=tell, relate) [+ piece of news, thought] contar, compartir, hacer partícipe de frm ( with a)
    3.

    I share with three other women — (room, flat etc) vivo con otras tres mujeres

    4.
    CPD

    share capital N — capital m social en acciones

    share certificate N — (certificado m or título m de una) acción f

    share index N — índice m de la Bolsa

    share issue N — emisión f de acciones

    share offer N — oferta f de acciones

    share option N — stock option f, opción f sobre acciones

    share ownership N — propiedad f de acciones

    share premium N — prima f de emisión

    share price N — precio m de las acciones


    II
    [ʃɛǝ(r)]
    N (Agr) (=ploughshare) reja f
    * * *
    [ʃer, ʃeə(r)]
    I
    1) c ( portion) parte f

    how much is my share of the bill? — ¿cuánto me toca pagar a mí?

    to work on shares — (AmE) trabajar como socios

    2) (Busn, Fin)
    a) ( held by partner) (no pl) participación f
    b) c ( held by shareholder) acción f

    to hold shares in a company — tener* acciones en una compañía; (before n)

    share capital — capital m social

    share certificate — (título m or certificado m de) acción f

    share index — índice m de cotización en bolsa

    share prices — cotización f de las acciones


    II
    1.
    1)
    b) ( have in common) \<\<interest/opinion\>\> compartir; \<\<characteristics\>\> tener* en común
    2)
    a) ( divide) dividir
    b) ( communicate) \<\<experience/knowledge\>\> intercambiar

    2.
    vi
    a) ( use jointly) compartir

    to share IN something — compartir algo, participar de algo

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > share

  • 12 Bardeen, John

    [br]
    b. 23 May 1908 Madison, Wisconsin, USA
    d. 30 January 1991 Boston, Massachusetts, USA
    [br]
    American physicist, the first to win the Nobel Prize for Physics twice.
    [br]
    Born the son of a professor of anatomy, he studied electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He then worked for three years as a geophysicist at the Gulf Research Laboratories before taking a PhD in mathematical physics at Princeton, where he was a graduate student. For some time he held appointments at the University of Minnesota and at Harvard, and during the Second World War he joined the US Naval Ordnance Laboratory. In 1945 he joined the Bell Telephone Laboratories to head a new department to work on solid-state devices. While there, he and W.H. Brattain in 1948 published a paper that introduced the transistor. For this he, Brattain and Shockley won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1956. In 1951 he moved to the University of Illinois as Professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering. There he worked on superconductivity, a phenomenon described in 1911 by Kamerling-Onnes. Bardeen worked with L.N. Cooper and J.A.Schrieffer, and in 1972 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for the "BCS Theory", which suggested that, under certain circumstances at very low temperatures, electrons can form bound pairs.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Brattain and Shockley) 1956, (jointly with Cooper and Schrieffer) 1972.
    Further Reading
    Isaacs and E.Martin (eds), 1985, Longmans Dictionary of 20th Century Biography.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Bardeen, John

  • 13 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. 1 January 1815 Calverly Hall, Bradford, England
    d. 2 February 1906 Swinton Park, near Bradford, England
    [br]
    English inventor of successful wool-combing and waste-silk spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lister was descended from one of the old Yorkshire families, the Cunliffe Listers of Manningham, and was the fourth son of his father Ellis. After attending a school on Clapham Common, Lister would not go to university; his family hoped he would enter the Church, but instead he started work with the Liverpool merchants Sands, Turner \& Co., who frequently sent him to America. In 1837 his father built for him and his brother a worsted mill at Manningham, where Samuel invented a swivel shuttle and a machine for making fringes on shawls. It was here that he first became aware of the unhealthy occupation of combing wool by hand. Four years later, after seeing the machine that G.E. Donisthorpe was trying to work out, he turned his attention to mechanizing wool-combing. Lister took Donisthorpe into partnership after paying him £12,000 for his patent, and developed the Lister-Cartwright "square nip" comber. Until this time, combing machines were little different from Cartwright's original, but Lister was able to improve on this with continuous operation and by 1843 was combing the first fine botany wool that had ever been combed by machinery. In the following year he received an order for fifty machines to comb all qualities of wool. Further combing patents were taken out with Donisthorpe in 1849, 1850, 1851 and 1852, the last two being in Lister's name only. One of the important features of these patents was the provision of a gripping device or "nip" which held the wool fibres at one end while the rest of the tuft was being combed. Lister was soon running nine combing mills. In the 1850s Lister had become involved in disputes with others who held combing patents, such as his associate Isaac Holden and the Frenchman Josué Heilmann. Lister bought up the Heilmann machine patents and afterwards other types until he obtained a complete monopoly of combing machines before the patents expired. His invention stimulated demand for wool by cheapening the product and gave a vital boost to the Australian wool trade. By 1856 he was at the head of a wool-combing business such as had never been seen before, with mills at Manningham, Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and other places in the West Riding, as well as abroad.
    His inventive genius also extended to other fields. In 1848 he patented automatic compressed air brakes for railways, and in 1853 alone he took out twelve patents for various textile machines. He then tried to spin waste silk and made a second commercial career, turning what was called "chassum" and hitherto regarded as refuse into beautiful velvets, silks, plush and other fine materials. Waste silk consisted of cocoon remnants from the reeling process, damaged cocoons and fibres rejected from other processes. There was also wild silk obtained from uncultivated worms. This is what Lister saw in a London warehouse as a mass of knotty, dirty, impure stuff, full of bits of stick and dead mulberry leaves, which he bought for a halfpenny a pound. He spent ten years trying to solve the problems, but after a loss of £250,000 and desertion by his partner his machine caught on in 1865 and brought Lister another fortune. Having failed to comb this waste silk, Lister turned his attention to the idea of "dressing" it and separating the qualities automatically. He patented a machine in 1877 that gave a graduated combing. To weave his new silk, he imported from Spain to Bradford, together with its inventor Jose Reixach, a velvet loom that was still giving trouble. It wove two fabrics face to face, but the problem lay in separating the layers so that the pile remained regular in length. Eventually Lister was inspired by watching a scissors grinder in the street to use small emery wheels to sharpen the cutters that divided the layers of fabric. Lister took out several patents for this loom in his own name in 1868 and 1869, while in 1871 he took out one jointly with Reixach. It is said that he spent £29,000 over an eleven-year period on this loom, but this was more than recouped from the sale of reasonably priced high-quality velvets and plushes once success was achieved. Manningham mills were greatly enlarged to accommodate this new manufacture.
    In later years Lister had an annual profit from his mills of £250,000, much of which was presented to Bradford city in gifts such as Lister Park, the original home of the Listers. He was connected with the Bradford Chamber of Commerce for many years and held the position of President of the Fair Trade League for some time. In 1887 he became High Sheriff of Yorkshire, and in 1891 he was made 1st Baron Masham. He was also Deputy Lieutenant in North and West Riding.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Created 1st Baron Masham 1891.
    Bibliography
    1849, with G.E.Donisthorpe, British patent no. 12,712. 1850, with G.E. Donisthorpe, British patent no. 13,009. 1851, British patent no. 13,532.
    1852, British patent no. 14,135.
    1877, British patent no. 3,600 (combing machine). 1868, British patent no. 470.
    1868, British patent no. 2,386.
    1868, British patent no. 2,429.
    1868, British patent no. 3,669.
    1868, British patent no. 1,549.
    1871, with J.Reixach, British patent no. 1,117. 1905, Lord Masham's Inventions (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    J.Hogg (ed.), c. 1888, Fortunes Made in Business, London (biography).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (both cover the technical details of Lister's invention).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, 1st Baron Masham

  • 14 Stephenson, George

    [br]
    b. 9 June 1781 Wylam, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 August 1848 Tapton House, Chesterfield, England
    [br]
    English engineer, "the father of railways".
    [br]
    George Stephenson was the son of the fireman of the pumping engine at Wylam colliery, and horses drew wagons of coal along the wooden rails of the Wylam wagonway past the house in which he was born and spent his earliest childhood. While still a child he worked as a cowherd, but soon moved to working at coal pits. At 17 years of age he showed sufficient mechanical talent to be placed in charge of a new pumping engine, and had already achieved a job more responsible than that of his father. Despite his position he was still illiterate, although he subsequently learned to read and write. He was largely self-educated.
    In 1801 he was appointed Brakesman of the winding engine at Black Callerton pit, with responsibility for lowering the miners safely to their work. Then, about two years later, he became Brakesman of a new winding engine erected by Robert Hawthorn at Willington Quay on the Tyne. Returning collier brigs discharged ballast into wagons and the engine drew the wagons up an inclined plane to the top of "Ballast Hill" for their contents to be tipped; this was one of the earliest applications of steam power to transport, other than experimentally.
    In 1804 Stephenson moved to West Moor pit, Killingworth, again as Brakesman. In 1811 he demonstrated his mechanical skill by successfully modifying a new and unsatisfactory atmospheric engine, a task that had defeated the efforts of others, to enable it to pump a drowned pit clear of water. The following year he was appointed Enginewright at Killingworth, in charge of the machinery in all the collieries of the "Grand Allies", the prominent coal-owning families of Wortley, Liddell and Bowes, with authorization also to work for others. He built many stationary engines and he closely examined locomotives of John Blenkinsop's type on the Kenton \& Coxlodge wagonway, as well as those of William Hedley at Wylam.
    It was in 1813 that Sir Thomas Liddell requested George Stephenson to build a steam locomotive for the Killingworth wagonway: Blucher made its first trial run on 25 July 1814 and was based on Blenkinsop's locomotives, although it lacked their rack-and-pinion drive. George Stephenson is credited with building the first locomotive both to run on edge rails and be driven by adhesion, an arrangement that has been the conventional one ever since. Yet Blucher was far from perfect and over the next few years, while other engineers ignored the steam locomotive, Stephenson built a succession of them, each an improvement on the last.
    During this period many lives were lost in coalmines from explosions of gas ignited by miners' lamps. By observation and experiment (sometimes at great personal risk) Stephenson invented a satisfactory safety lamp, working independently of the noted scientist Sir Humphry Davy who also invented such a lamp around the same time.
    In 1817 George Stephenson designed his first locomotive for an outside customer, the Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, and in 1819 he laid out the Hetton Colliery Railway in County Durham, for which his brother Robert was Resident Engineer. This was the first railway to be worked entirely without animal traction: it used inclined planes with stationary engines, self-acting inclined planes powered by gravity, and locomotives.
    On 19 April 1821 Stephenson was introduced to Edward Pease, one of the main promoters of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway (S \& DR), which by coincidence received its Act of Parliament the same day. George Stephenson carried out a further survey, to improve the proposed line, and in this he was assisted by his 18-year-old son, Robert Stephenson, whom he had ensured received the theoretical education which he himself lacked. It is doubtful whether either could have succeeded without the other; together they were to make the steam railway practicable.
    At George Stephenson's instance, much of the S \& DR was laid with wrought-iron rails recently developed by John Birkinshaw at Bedlington Ironworks, Morpeth. These were longer than cast-iron rails and were not brittle: they made a track well suited for locomotives. In June 1823 George and Robert Stephenson, with other partners, founded a firm in Newcastle upon Tyne to build locomotives and rolling stock and to do general engineering work: after its Managing Partner, the firm was called Robert Stephenson \& Co.
    In 1824 the promoters of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway (L \& MR) invited George Stephenson to resurvey their proposed line in order to reduce opposition to it. William James, a wealthy land agent who had become a visionary protagonist of a national railway network and had seen Stephenson's locomotives at Killingworth, had promoted the L \& MR with some merchants of Liverpool and had carried out the first survey; however, he overreached himself in business and, shortly after the invitation to Stephenson, became bankrupt. In his own survey, however, George Stephenson lacked the assistance of his son Robert, who had left for South America, and he delegated much of the detailed work to incompetent assistants. During a devastating Parliamentary examination in the spring of 1825, much of his survey was shown to be seriously inaccurate and the L \& MR's application for an Act of Parliament was refused. The railway's promoters discharged Stephenson and had their line surveyed yet again, by C.B. Vignoles.
    The Stockton \& Darlington Railway was, however, triumphantly opened in the presence of vast crowds in September 1825, with Stephenson himself driving the locomotive Locomotion, which had been built at Robert Stephenson \& Co.'s Newcastle works. Once the railway was at work, horse-drawn and gravity-powered traffic shared the line with locomotives: in 1828 Stephenson invented the horse dandy, a wagon at the back of a train in which a horse could travel over the gravity-operated stretches, instead of trotting behind.
    Meanwhile, in May 1826, the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway had successfully obtained its Act of Parliament. Stephenson was appointed Engineer in June, and since he and Vignoles proved incompatible the latter left early in 1827. The railway was built by Stephenson and his staff, using direct labour. A considerable controversy arose c. 1828 over the motive power to be used: the traffic anticipated was too great for horses, but the performance of the reciprocal system of cable haulage developed by Benjamin Thompson appeared in many respects superior to that of contemporary locomotives. The company instituted a prize competition for a better locomotive and the Rainhill Trials were held in October 1829.
    Robert Stephenson had been working on improved locomotive designs since his return from America in 1827, but it was the L \& MR's Treasurer, Henry Booth, who suggested the multi-tubular boiler to George Stephenson. This was incorporated into a locomotive built by Robert Stephenson for the trials: Rocket was entered by the three men in partnership. The other principal entrants were Novelty, entered by John Braithwaite and John Ericsson, and Sans Pareil, entered by Timothy Hackworth, but only Rocket, driven by George Stephenson, met all the organizers' demands; indeed, it far surpassed them and demonstrated the practicability of the long-distance steam railway. With the opening of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway in 1830, the age of railways began.
    Stephenson was active in many aspects. He advised on the construction of the Belgian State Railway, of which the Brussels-Malines section, opened in 1835, was the first all-steam railway on the European continent. In England, proposals to link the L \& MR with the Midlands had culminated in an Act of Parliament for the Grand Junction Railway in 1833: this was to run from Warrington, which was already linked to the L \& MR, to Birmingham. George Stephenson had been in charge of the surveys, and for the railway's construction he and J.U. Rastrick were initially Principal Engineers, with Stephenson's former pupil Joseph Locke under them; by 1835 both Stephenson and Rastrick had withdrawn and Locke was Engineer-in-Chief. Stephenson remained much in demand elsewhere: he was particularly associated with the construction of the North Midland Railway (Derby to Leeds) and related lines. He was active in many other places and carried out, for instance, preliminary surveys for the Chester \& Holyhead and Newcastle \& Berwick Railways, which were important links in the lines of communication between London and, respectively, Dublin and Edinburgh.
    He eventually retired to Tapton House, Chesterfield, overlooking the North Midland. A man who was self-made (with great success) against colossal odds, he was ever reluctant, regrettably, to give others their due credit, although in retirement, immensely wealthy and full of honour, he was still able to mingle with people of all ranks.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, on its formation in 1847. Order of Leopold (Belgium) 1835. Stephenson refused both a knighthood and Fellowship of the Royal Society.
    Bibliography
    1815, jointly with Ralph Dodd, British patent no. 3,887 (locomotive drive by connecting rods directly to the wheels).
    1817, jointly with William Losh, British patent no. 4,067 (steam springs for locomotives, and improvements to track).
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, Longman (the best modern biography; includes a bibliography).
    S.Smiles, 1874, The Lives of George and Robert Stephenson, rev. edn, London (although sycophantic, this is probably the best nineteenthcentury biography).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, George

  • 15 lien

    lɪən сущ.;
    юр.
    1) право наложения ареста на имущество должника;
    право удержания to have a lien on smth. ≈ иметь право/санкцию на арест какого-л. имущества to put, slap a lien on smth. ≈ арестовать какое-л. имущество
    2) залоговое право
    3) привилегированное требование, преимущественное требование (юридическое) правило удержания имущества до уплаты долга;
    право ареста имущества (за долги) ;
    залоговое удержание - * on revenue право удержания дохода - general * право ареста всего имущества (должника) cargo ~ право удержания груза common-law ~ общее право удержания equitable ~ право удержания имущества, основанное на нормах права справедливости execution ~ право удержания имущества за долги factor's ~ право наложения ареста на имущество за долги floating ~ изменяющееся обеспечение займа floating ~ изменяющийся залог general ~ право ареста всего имущества в случае неуплаты долга jointly held ~ совместное право наложения ареста на имущество должника legal ~ залоговое право lien залог ~ залоговое право ~ право ареста имущества за долги ~ право наложения ареста на имущество должника ~ право удержания (применительно к индивидуально-определенной вещи) ~ право удержания имущества за долги ~ преимущественное требование ~ привилегированное требование, преимущественное требование ~ привилегированное требование ~ on cargo суд. право ареста груза ~ on cargo суд. право удержания груза за долги ~ on goods право ареста товара ~ on goods право удержания товара за долги maritime ~ залоговое право в торговом мореплавании maritime ~ морское залоговое право, залоговое право в торговом мореплавании maritime ~ морское залоговое право maritime ~ право удержания груза в обеспечение требований перевозчика по договору морской перевозки particular ~ право наложения ареста на определенное имущество, указанное в долговом инструменте possessory ~ право удержания registered ~ зарегистрированное право удержания имущества за долги salvage ~ право удержания спасенного имущества (в обеспечение получения спасательного вознаграждения) seller's ~ право продавца удерживать товар seniority ~ преимущественное право удержания statutory ~ установленное законом право ареста имущества за долги statutory ~ установленное законом право удержания имущества за долги

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > lien

  • 16 corporation

    объединение, корпорация; амер. акционерная компания, акционерное общество

    Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > corporation

  • 17 Braun, Karl Ferdinand

    [br]
    b. 6 June 1850 Fulda, Hesse, Germany
    d. 20 April 1918 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    German physicist who shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for developments in wireless telegraphy; inventor of the cathode ray oscilloscope.
    [br]
    After obtaining degrees from the universities of Marburg and Berlin (PhD) and spending a short time as Headmaster of the Thomas School in Berlin, Braun successively held professorships in theoretical physics at the universities of Marburg (1876), Strasbourg (1880) and Karlsruhe (1883) before becoming Professor of Experimental Physics at Tübingen in 1885 and Director and Professor of Physics at Strasbourg in 1895.
    During this time he devised experimental apparatus to determine the dielectric constant of rock salt and developed the Braun high-tension electrometer. He also discovered that certain mineral sulphide crystals would only conduct electricity in one direction, a rectification effect that made it possible to detect and demodulate radio signals in a more reliable manner than was possible with the coherer. Primarily, however, he was concerned with improving Marconi's radio transmitter to increase its broadcasting range. By using a transmitter circuit comprising a capacitor and a spark-gap, coupled to an aerial without a spark-gap, he was able to obtain much greater oscillatory currents in the latter, and by tuning the transmitter so that the oscillations occupied only a narrow frequency band he reduced the interference with other transmitters. Other achievements include the development of a directional aerial and the first practical wavemeter, and the measurement in Strasbourg of the strength of radio waves received from the Eiffel Tower transmitter in Paris. For all this work he subsequently shared with Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics.
    Around 1895 he carried out experiments using a torsion balance in order to measure the universal gravitational constant, g, but the work for which he is probably best known is the addition of deflecting plates and a fluorescent screen to the Crooke's tube in 1897 in order to study the characteristics of high-frequency currents. The oscilloscope, as it was called, was not only the basis of a now widely used and highly versatile test instrument but was the forerunner of the cathode ray tube, or CRT, used for the display of radar and television images.
    At the beginning of the First World War, while in New York to testify in a patent suit, he was trapped by the entry of the USA into the war and remained in Brooklyn with his son until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with Marconi) 1909.
    Bibliography
    1874, "Assymetrical conduction of certain metal sulphides", Pogg. Annal. 153:556 (provides an account of the discovery of the crystal rectifier).
    1897, "On a method for the demonstration and study of currents varying with time", Wiedemann's Annalen 60:552 (his description of the cathode ray oscilloscope as a measuring tool).
    Further Reading
    K.Schlesinger \& E.G.Ramberg, 1962, "Beamdeflection and photo-devices", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 50, 991.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Braun, Karl Ferdinand

  • 18 Forsmann, Werner Theodor Otto

    SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology
    [br]
    b. 29 August 1904 Berlin, Germany
    d. 1 June 1979 Schofheim, Germany
    [br]
    German cardiologist and surgeon, pioneer of cardiac catheterization in humans.
    [br]
    Forsmann studied medicine at the University of Berlin, graduating in 1929. He later became chief of the surgical clinic in Dresden-Friedrichstadt, and in 1958 he became head of the surgical division of the Evangelical Hospital in Düsseldorf.
    Intravascular catheterization had been undertaken in research with animals by Marey in 1861, and had been used in 1912 by Unger et al. in the treatment of puerperal sepsis. In 1929 Forsmann inserted a catheter into his own cubital vein and up into the heart, monitoring its position with X-rays. Continuing experiments demonstrated that it was possible to undertake radiographic studies of the heart using contrast media. Despite the outstanding potential of the technique, its immediate adoption was held to present unacceptable dangers; it was not until developments in anaesthesia and antibiotics that the technique achieved its present position as a routine investigation permitting the widespread practice of angiocardiography. Deterred by criticism, Forsmann turned his energies to urology, gaining much distinction in this field.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology (jointly with A.F.Cournand and D.W.Richards) 1956.
    Bibliography
    1929, "Die Sonderung des rechten Herzens", Klin. Woch.
    Further Reading
    J.A.Meyer, 1990, "Werner Forsmann and the catheterisation of the heart", Ann. Thorac. Surg.
    MG

    Biographical history of technology > Forsmann, Werner Theodor Otto

  • 19 Türr, Istvan (Stephen, Etienne)

    SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 10 August 1825 Baja, Hungary
    d. 3 May 1908 Budapest, Hungary
    [br]
    Hungarian army officer and canal entrepreneur.
    [br]
    He entered the Austro-Hungarian Imperial Army in 1842 and, as a lieutenant, fought against the Piedmontese in 1848. In January 1849 he deserted to the Piedmontese and tried to form a Hungarian legion against Austria. Defeated at Novara he fled to London and intrigued with Kossuth and Pulszky against Austria. In 1852 he was Kossuth's agent in Italy and was involved with Mazzini in the Milan rising of 1853. He was expelled from Italy and joined the Turkish army as a volunteer until 1854. The Crimean War saw him as a British agent procuring horses in the Balkans for the British forces, but he was caught by the Austrians and sentenced to death as a deserter. Through English intervention the sentence was commuted to banishment. He was ill until 1859, but then returned to Genoa and offered his services to Garibaldi, becoming his Aide-de-Camp in the invasion of Sicily in 1860. On the unification of Italy he joined the regular Italian army as a general, and from 1870 was Honorary Aide-de-Camp to King Victor Emanuel II.
    From then on he was more interested in peaceful projects. Jointly with Lucien Wyse, he obtained a concession in 1875 from the Columbian government to build a canal across Panama and formed the Société Civile Internationale du Canal Interocéanique du Darien. In 1879 he sold the concession to de Lesseps, and with the money negotiated a concession from King George of Greece for building the Corinth Canal. A French company undertook the work in April 1882, but financial problems led to the collapse of the company in 1889, at the same time as de Lesseps's financial storm. A Greek company then took over and completed the canal in 1893.
    The canal was formally opened on 6 August 1893 by King George on his royal yacht; the king paid tribute to General Turr, who was accompanying him, saying that he had completed the work the Romans had begun. The general's later years were devoted to peace propaganda and he attended every peace conference held during those years.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Türr, Istvan (Stephen, Etienne)

  • 20 lien

    [lɪən]
    cargo lien право удержания груза common-law lien общее право удержания equitable lien право удержания имущества, основанное на нормах права справедливости execution lien право удержания имущества за долги factor's lien право наложения ареста на имущество за долги floating lien изменяющееся обеспечение займа floating lien изменяющийся залог general lien право ареста всего имущества в случае неуплаты долга jointly held lien совместное право наложения ареста на имущество должника legal lien залоговое право lien залог lien залоговое право lien право ареста имущества за долги lien право наложения ареста на имущество должника lien право удержания (применительно к индивидуально-определенной вещи) lien право удержания имущества за долги lien преимущественное требование lien привилегированное требование, преимущественное требование lien привилегированное требование lien on cargo суд. право ареста груза lien on cargo суд. право удержания груза за долги lien on goods право ареста товара lien on goods право удержания товара за долги maritime lien залоговое право в торговом мореплавании maritime lien морское залоговое право, залоговое право в торговом мореплавании maritime lien морское залоговое право maritime lien право удержания груза в обеспечение требований перевозчика по договору морской перевозки particular lien право наложения ареста на определенное имущество, указанное в долговом инструменте possessory lien право удержания registered lien зарегистрированное право удержания имущества за долги salvage lien право удержания спасенного имущества (в обеспечение получения спасательного вознаграждения) seller's lien право продавца удерживать товар seniority lien преимущественное право удержания statutory lien установленное законом право ареста имущества за долги statutory lien установленное законом право удержания имущества за долги

    English-Russian short dictionary > lien

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